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|
Class/antimicrobial
|
No. of resistant isolates from different sources (%)
|
Total
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Diarrheal patient (151)
|
Healthy carrier (32)
|
Animal (51)
|
Raw meat (33)
|
|---|
|
Penicillins
|
|
Ampicillin
|
84 (55.6)
|
15 (46.9)
|
20 (39.2)
|
13 (39.4)
|
132 (49.4)
|
0.1185
|
|
Piperacillin
|
71 (47.0)
|
13 (40.6)
|
19 (37.3)
|
7 (21.2)
|
110 (41.2)
|
0.0484
|
|
β-Lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations
|
|
Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid
|
14 (9.3)
|
0
|
10 (19.6)
|
3 (9.1)
|
27 (10.1)
|
0.0319
|
|
Ampicillin–sulbactam
|
24 (15.9)
|
0
|
11 (21.6)
|
9 (27.3)
|
44 (16.5)
|
0.0177
|
|
Cephems
|
|
Cefepime
|
14 (9.3)
|
3 (9.4)
|
0
|
0
|
17 (6.4)
|
0.0396
|
|
Cefotaxime
|
39 (25.8)
|
5 (15.6)
|
1 (2.0)
|
4 (12.1)
|
49 (18.4)
|
0.0013
|
|
Ceftriaxone
|
38 (25.2)
|
5 (15.6)
|
2 (3.9)
|
3 (9.1)
|
48 (18.0)
|
0.0029
|
|
Ceftazidime
|
7 (4.6)
|
1 (3.1)
|
0
|
0
|
8 (3.0)
|
0.2622
|
|
Cefuroxime
|
39 (25.8)
|
5 (15.6)
|
2 (3.9)
|
6 (18.2)
|
52 (19.5)
|
0.0071
|
|
Monobactams
|
|
Aztreonam
|
20 (12.6)
|
3 (9.4)
|
0
|
1 (3.0)
|
23 (8.6)
|
0.0202
|
|
Carbapenems
|
|
Imipenem
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
–
|
|
Meropenem
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
–
|
|
Aminoglycosides
|
|
Gentamicin
|
57 (37.7)
|
3 (9.4)
|
11 (21.6)
|
6 (18.2)
|
77 (28.8)
|
0.0019
|
|
Kanamycin
|
22 (14.6)
|
1 (3.1)
|
9 (17.6)
|
7 (21.2)
|
39 (14.6)
|
0.1782
|
|
Streptomycin
|
78 (51.7)
|
9 (28.1)
|
20 (39.2)
|
16 (48.5)
|
123 (46.1)
|
0.0692
|
|
Tetracyclines
|
|
Tetracycline
|
89 (58.9)
|
15 (46.9)
|
21 (41.2)
|
21 (63.6)
|
146 (54.7)
|
0.0816
|
|
Quinolones
|
|
Nalidixic acid
|
62 (41.1)
|
7 (21.9)
|
17 (33.3)
|
8 (24.2)
|
94 (35.2)
|
0.0866
|
|
Fluoroquinolones
|
|
Ciprofloxacin
|
8 (5.3)
|
0
|
4 (7.8)
|
1 (3.0)
|
13 (4.9)
|
0.4053
|
|
Norfloxacin
|
5 (3.3)
|
0
|
4 (7.8)
|
0
|
9 (3.4)
|
0.1447
|
|
Levofloxacin
|
8 (5.3)
|
0
|
4 (7.8)
|
0
|
12 (4.5)
|
0.2020
|
|
Folate pathway inhibitors
|
|
Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole
|
72 (47.7)
|
6 (18.8)
|
18 (35.3)
|
9 (27.3)
|
105 (39.3)
|
0.0060
|
|
Phenicols
|
|
Chloramphenicol
|
11 (7.3)
|
0
|
9 (17.6)
|
8 (24.2)
|
28 (10.5)
|
0.0020
|
|
Nitrofurans
|
|
Nitrofurantoin
|
3 (2.0)
|
0
|
1 (2.0)
|
0
|
4 (1.5)
|
0.7275
|
